Fidya is an Islamic compensation paid by individuals who are permanently unable to fast due to advanced old age, chronic incurable illness, or valid medical conditions where fasting would pose a severe risk to health or pregnancy/breastfeeding (under verified medical advice). The individual feeds one poor person for each missed day of Ramadan.

If a person pays Fidya expecting a permanent illness, but later recovers full health and ability to fast, the majority of Islamic jurisprudence scholars (Hanafi, Shafi'i, Hanbali, Maliki) state that the individual is still obligated to observe Qada (make-up fasts) for the missed days when healthy. The Fidya paid previously remains a rewarded voluntary charity (Sadaqah).

Kaffarah is a major expiation required when a Muslim intentionally breaks a Ramadan fast without a valid Shariah excuse (such as intentional eating, drinking, or intimate relations during fasting hours). The Shariah order of fulfillment is: (1) Fasting 60 consecutive days per broken fast. (2) If physically unable to fast 60 consecutive days, feeding 60 needy people (2 meals per person = 120 meals per broken fast).

Oath Kaffarah is required when a person breaks a solemn oath made in the name of Allah. According to Surah Al-Ma'idah (5:89), the expiation is feeding 10 poor people (2 meals each), clothing 10 poor people, or freeing a slave. If unable to afford this financial expiation, the person must fast for 3 days.

In Islamic Shariah valuation: Half-Sa' (نصف صاع) of Wheat flour equals approximately 1.65 kg (or 1.5 - 1.67 kg depending on grain density). A Full Sa' (صاع كامل) of Barley, Dates, Raisins, or Rice equals approximately 3.30 kg. Fidya per day requires Half-Sa' of wheat flour or Full Sa' of barley/dates.